Plantar Fasciitis

Plantar Fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis is one of the most common causes of heel pain, resulting from inflammation or microtearing of the plantar fascia—a thick band of connective tissue that runs from the heel bone (calcaneus) to the toes. This condition is particularly prevalent among runners, people who spend long hours on their feet, and individuals with certain foot structures or postural abnormalities. Among the primary contributing factors are biomechanical imbalances, particularly pronated foot posture.

Excessive foot pronation, often described as “fallen arches” or flat feet, significantly increases the strain on the plantar fascia. In a pronated foot, the arch flattens during weight-bearing, causing the foot to roll inward. This biomechanical change alters the alignment of the lower limb and increases tensile stress on the fascia during the gait cycle. Over time, repetitive overstretching can lead to degeneration or inflammation at the fascia’s origin, typically at the medial tubercle of the calcaneus.

Other biomechanical issues, such as tight calf muscles (gastrocnemius or soleus), can limit ankle dorsiflexion and force compensatory movements during walking or running. This often leads to an abnormal gait pattern that further stresses the plantar fascia. Similarly, a high-arched (cavus) foot can also contribute to plantar fasciitis by concentrating weight and impact forces on the heel and forefoot, bypassing natural shock absorption.

Changes in gait, whether due to injury, overuse, or structural imbalance, may also predispose someone to plantar fasciitis. When normal foot mechanics are disrupted, the plantar fascia may be required to perform excessive stabilisation duties during stance and push-off phases. Individuals with leg length discrepancies, poor pelvic alignment, or compensatory hip and knee movements are particularly susceptible.

Footwear plays a critical role as well. Wearing unsupportive shoes with poor arch support or cushioning can exacerbate the effects of pronation and reduce shock absorption. This is particularly true when transitioning to harder surfaces or increasing activity levels without appropriate conditioning or footwear.

Plantar fasciitis is commonly rooted in biomechanical imbalances, especially excessive foot pronation and restricted lower limb flexibility. Addressing the underlying structural and functional contributors—such as foot posture, muscle tightness, and gait mechanics—is crucial for effective management and long-term prevention. Interventions may include orthotics, stretching, strengthening, and changes in footwear to offload and support the plantar fascia.